165 research outputs found
Galactic Dark Matter and Bertrand Space-times
Bertrand space-times (BSTs) are static, spherically symmetric solutions of
Einstein's equations, that admit stable, closed orbits. Starting from the fact
that to a good approximation, stars in the disc or halo regions of typical
galaxies move in such orbits, we propose that, under certain physical
assumptions, the dark matter distribution of some low surface brightness (LSB)
galaxies can seed a particular class of BSTs. In the Newtonian limit, it is
shown that for flat rotation curves, our proposal leads to an analytic
prediction of the NFW dark matter profile. We further show that the dark matter
distribution that seeds the BST, is described by a two-fluid anisotropic model,
and present its analytic solution. A new solution of the Einstein's equations,
with an internal BST and an external Schwarzschild metric, is also constructed.Comment: 1+21 Pages, LaTeX, 9 .eps figures. Minor changes. Version published
in PR
Astrophysics of Bertrand Space-times
We construct a model for galactic dark matter that arises as a solution of
Einstein gravity, and is a Bertrand space-time matched with an external
Schwarzschild metric. This model can explain galactic rotation curves. Further,
we study gravitational lensing in these space-times, and in particular we
consider Einstein rings, using the strong lensing formalism of Virbhadra and
Ellis. Our results are in good agreement with observational data, and indicate
that under certain conditions, gravitational lensing effects from galactic dark
matter may be similar to that from Schwarzschild backgrounds.Comment: 1 + 21 Pages, 8 .eps figure
Galactic space-times in modified theories of gravity
We study Bertrand space-times (BSTs), which have been proposed as viable
models of space-times seeded by galactic dark matter, in modified theories of
gravity. We first critically examine the issue of galactic rotation curves in
General Relativity, and establish the usefulness of BSTs to fit experimental
data in this context. We then study BSTs in metric gravity and in
Brans-Dicke theories. For the former, the nature of the Newtonian potential is
established, and we also compute the effective equation of state and show that
it can provide good fits to some recent experimental results. For the latter,
we calculate the Brans-Dicke scalar analytically in some limits and numerically
in general, and find interesting constraints on the parameters of the theory.
Our results provide evidence for the physical nature of Bertrand space-times in
modified theories of gravity.Comment: 1 + 29 Pages, LaTeX, 12 .eps figures. Some discussions improved.
Published versio
Literature Survey on Interplay of Topics, Information Diffusion and Connections on Social Networks
Researchers have attempted to model information diffusion and topic trends
and lifecycle on online social networks. They have investigated the role of
content, social connections and communities, familiarity and behavioral
similarity in this context. The current article presents a survey of
representative models that perform topic analysis, capture information
diffusion, and explore the properties of social connections in the context of
online social networks. The article concludes with a set of outlines of open
problems and possible directions of future research interest. This article is
intended for researchers to identify the current literature, and explore
possibilities to improve the art
Assessment of Effectiveness of Content Models for Approximating Twitter Social Connection Structures
This paper explores the social quality (goodness) of community structures
formed across Twitter users, where social links within the structures are
estimated based upon semantic properties of user-generated content (corpus). We
examined the overlap of the community structures of the constructed graphs, and
followership-based social communities, to find the social goodness of the links
constructed. Unigram, bigram and LDA content models were empirically
investigated for evaluation of effectiveness, as approximators of underlying
social graphs, such that they maintain the {\it community} social property.
Impact of content at varying granularities, for the purpose of predicting links
while retaining the social community structures, was investigated. 100
discussion topics, spanning over 10 Twitter events, were used for experiments.
The unigram language model performed the best, indicating strong similarity of
word usage within deeply connected social communities. This observation agrees
with the phenomenon of evolution of word usage behavior, that transform
individuals belonging to the same community tending to choose the same words,
made by Danescu et al. (2013), and raises a question on the literature that
use, without validation, LDA for content-based social link prediction over
other content models. Also, semantically finer-grained content was observed to
be more effective compared to coarser-grained content
Topic Lifecycle on Social Networks: Analyzing the Effects of Semantic Continuity and Social Communities
Topic lifecycle analysis on Twitter, a branch of study that investigates
Twitter topics from their birth through lifecycle to death, has gained immense
mainstream research popularity. In the literature, topics are often treated as
one of (a) hashtags (independent from other hashtags), (b) a burst of keywords
in a short time span or (c) a latent concept space captured by advanced text
analysis methodologies, such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). The first
two approaches are not capable of recognizing topics where different users use
different hashtags to express the same concept (semantically related), while
the third approach misses out the user's explicit intent expressed via
hashtags. In our work, we use a word embedding based approach to cluster
different hashtags together, and the temporal concurrency of the hashtag
usages, thus forming topics (a semantically and temporally related group of
hashtags).We present a novel analysis of topic lifecycles with respect to
communities. We characterize the participation of social communities in the
topic clusters, and analyze the lifecycle of topic clusters with respect to
such participation. We derive first-of-its-kind novel insights with respect to
the complex evolution of topics over communities and time: temporal morphing of
topics over hashtags within communities, how the hashtags die in some
communities but morph into some other hashtags in some other communities (that,
it is a community-level phenomenon), and how specific communities adopt to
specific hashtags. Our work is fundamental in the space of topic lifecycle
modeling and understanding in communities: it redefines our understanding of
topic lifecycles and shows that the social boundaries of topic lifecycles are
deeply ingrained with community behavior.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures (13 figures if sub-figures are counted
separately), To Appear in ECIR 201
New class of naked singularities and their observational signatures
By imposing suitable junction conditions on a space-like hyper-surface, we
obtain a two-parameter family of possible static configurations from
gravitational collapse. These exemplify a new class of naked singularities. We
show that these admit a consistent description via a two-fluid model, one of
which might be dust. We then study lensing and accretion disk properties of our
solution and point out possible differences with black hole scenarios. The
distinctive features of our solution, compared to the existing naked
singularity solutions in the literature are discussed.Comment: Substantial modifications in the results. Present version is fully
re-written, and the title is also changed. 24 pages, 10 figure
Self-gravitating fluid systems and galactic dark matter
We study gravitational collapse with anisotropic pressures, whose end stage
can mimic space-times that are seeded by galactic dark matter. To this end, we
identify a class of space-times (with conical defects) that can arise out of
such a collapse process, and admit stable circular orbits at all radial
distances. These have a naked singularity at the origin. An example of such a
space-time is seen to be the Bertrand space-time discovered by Perlick, that
admits closed, stable orbits at all radii. Using relativistic two- fluid
models, we show that our galactic space-times might indicate exotic matter, i.e
one of the component fluids may have negative pressure for a certain asymptotic
fall off of the associated mass density, in the Newtonian limit. We complement
this analysis by studying some simple examples of Newtonian two-fluid systems,
and compare this with the Newtonian limit of the relativistic systems
considered.Comment: 1+ 24 Pages. Discussions improved. Journal versio
EmTaggeR: A Word Embedding Based Novel Method for Hashtag Recommendation on Twitter
The hashtag recommendation problem addresses recommending (suggesting) one or
more hashtags to explicitly tag a post made on a given social network platform,
based upon the content and context of the post. In this work, we propose a
novel methodology for hashtag recommendation for microblog posts, specifically
Twitter. The methodology, EmTaggeR, is built upon a training-testing framework
that builds on the top of the concept of word embedding. The training phase
comprises of learning word vectors associated with each hashtag, and deriving a
word embedding for each hashtag. We provide two training procedures, one in
which each hashtag is trained with a separate word embedding model applicable
in the context of that hashtag, and another in which each hashtag obtains its
embedding from a global context. The testing phase constitutes computing the
average word embedding of the test post, and finding the similarity of this
embedding with the known embeddings of the hashtags. The tweets that contain
the most-similar hashtag are extracted, and all the hashtags that appear in
these tweets are ranked in terms of embedding similarity scores. The top-K
hashtags that appear in this ranked list, are recommended for the given test
post. Our system produces F1 score of 50.83%, improving over the LDA baseline
by around 6.53 times, outperforming the best-performing system known in the
literature that provides a lift of 6.42 times. EmTaggeR is a fast, scalable and
lightweight system, which makes it practical to deploy in real-life
applications.Comment: Accepted at the IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)
2017 ACUMEN Worksho
Topical Stance Detection for Twitter: A Two-Phase LSTM Model Using Attention
The topical stance detection problem addresses detecting the stance of the
text content with respect to a given topic: whether the sentiment of the given
text content is in FAVOR of (positive), is AGAINST (negative), or is NONE
(neutral) towards the given topic. Using the concept of attention, we develop a
two-phase solution. In the first phase, we classify subjectivity - whether a
given tweet is neutral or subjective with respect to the given topic. In the
second phase, we classify sentiment of the subjective tweets (ignoring the
neutral tweets) - whether a given subjective tweet has a FAVOR or AGAINST
stance towards the topic. We propose a Long Short-Term memory (LSTM) based deep
neural network for each phase, and embed attention at each of the phases. On
the SemEval 2016 stance detection Twitter task dataset, we obtain a best-case
macro F-score of 68.84% and a best-case accuracy of 60.2%, outperforming the
existing deep learning based solutions. Our framework, T-PAN, is the first in
the topical stance detection literature, that uses deep learning within a
two-phase architecture.Comment: Accepted at the 40th European Conference on Information Retrieval
(ECIR), 201
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